* The data is last updated on 10th February, 2023 from GISAID, based on 2379 variants from (14.9 million sequences) and 34 primer sets.
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| Prediction results retrieved after performance evaluation of WHO approved 34 primers to estimate their binding affinities for 2379 SARS-CoV-2 variants. |
| Lineage (WHO label)   | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Z.1 | E | Huang-E | GCAGCAGTACGCACACAATC | 20 | 55 | 26376 | 26357 | R | -20966.7 | China |
| Z.1 | E | Won-E | CACACAATCGATGCGCAGTA | 20 | 50 | 26365 | 26346 | R | -16823.1 | South Korea |
| Z.1 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -22032.7 | US |
| Z.1 | N | NIH-TH_N | CGTTTGGTGGACCCTCAGAT | 20 | 55 | 28320 | 28339 | F | -19445.4 | Thailand |
| Z.1 | N | NIH-TH_N | CCCCACTGCGTTCTCCATT | 19 | 57.89 | 28376 | 28358 | R | -19688.1 | Thailand |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | CN-CDC-ORF1ab | CCCTGTGGGTTTTACACTTAA | 21 | 42.86 | 13342 | 13362 | F | -17806.9 | China |
| Z.1 | N | US-CDC-N-2 | TTACAAACATTGGCCGCAAA | 20 | 40 | 29164 | 29183 | F | -18541.7 | US |
| Z.1 | S | Chan-S | CCTACTAAATTAAATGATCTCTGCTTTACT | 30 | 30 | 22712 | 22741 | F | -23290.6 | China |
| Z.1 | S | Won-S | CTACATGCACCAGCAACTGT | 20 | 50 | 23114 | 23133 | F | -19568.9 | South Korea |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | TCATTGTTAATGCCTATATTAACC | 24 | 29.17 | 14155 | 14178 | F | -17579.7 | Singapore |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | Won-ORF1ab | TGCATTAACATTGGCCGTGA | 20 | 45 | 15558 | 15539 | R | -18602 | South Korea |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | CACTTAATGTAAGGCTTTGTTAAG | 24 | 33.33 | 14243 | 14220 | R | -19292.3 | Singapore |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | CN-CDC-ORF1ab | ACGATTGTGCATCAGCTGA | 19 | 47.37 | 13460 | 13442 | R | -17867.8 | China |
| Z.1 | N | US-CDC-N-2 | GCGCGACATTCCGAAGAA | 18 | 55.56 | 29230 | 29213 | R | -19101.3 | US |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | Charité-ORF1b | CARATGTTAAASACACTATTAGCATA | 26 | 23.08 | 15530 | 15505 | R | -6346.39 | Germany |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | TGGGGYTTTACRGGTAACCT | 20 | 45 | 18778 | 18797 | F | -5011.39 | Hong Kong |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT | 20 | 50 | 16220 | 16239 | F | -9199.57 | China |
| Z.1 | E | Won-E | TTCGGAAGAGACAGGTACGTT | 21 | 47.62 | 26259 | 26279 | F | -19940.8 | South Korea |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | Pasteur-ORF1ab-1 | ATGAGCTTAGTCCTGTTG | 18 | 44.44 | 12690 | 12707 | F | -15534.7 | France |
| Z.1 | E | Niu-E | CACGTTAACAATATTGCAGC | 20 | 40 | 26391 | 26372 | R | -18150 | China |
| Z.1 | S | Young-S | TATACATGTCTCTGGGACCA | 20 | 45 | 21763 | 21782 | F | -16547.3 | Singapore |
| Z.1 | N | Corman-N | CACATTGGCACCCGCAATC | 19 | 57.89 | 28706 | 28724 | F | -20693.2 | Germany |
| Z.1 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | TGTAGCACGATTGCAGCATTG | 21 | 47.62 | 28752 | 28732 | R | -21070.3 | US |
| Z.1 | N | Won-N | GTTGCGACTACGTGATGAGG | 20 | 55 | 28849 | 28830 | R | -20514.2 | South Korea |
| Z.1 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -17339.6 | China |
| Z.1 | N | NIID-JP-N | AAATTTTGGGGACCAGGAAC | 20 | 45 | 29125 | 29144 | F | -17915.9 | Japan |
| Z.1 | S | Chan-S | CAAGCTATAACGCAGCCTGTA | 21 | 47.62 | 22869 | 22849 | R | -19364.2 | China |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | Pasteur-ORF1ab-2 | CTGGTCAAGGTTAATATAGG | 20 | 40 | 14186 | 14167 | R | -15775 | France |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | Pasteur-ORF1ab-1 | CTCCCTTTGTTGTGTTGT | 18 | 44.44 | 12797 | 12780 | R | -16534.9 | France |
| Z.1 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -21907.1 | China |
| Z.1 | S | Won-S | CACCTGTGCCTGTTAAACCA | 20 | 50 | 23213 | 23194 | R | -19392.1 | South Korea |
| Z.1 | N | Young-N | CTCAGTCCAAGATGGTATTTCT | 22 | 40.91 | 28583 | 28604 | F | -19109.2 | Singapore |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | Won-ORF1ab | CATGTGTGGCGGTTCACTAT | 20 | 50 | 15441 | 15460 | F | -20179.8 | South Korea |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | AACRCGCTTAACAAAGCACTC | 21 | 42.86 | 18909 | 18889 | R | -15488.5 | Hong Kong |
| Z.1 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | GACCCCAAAATCAGCGAAAT | 20 | 45 | 28287 | 28306 | F | -18082.8 | US |
| Z.1 | N | Corman-N | GAGGAACGAGAAGAGGCTTG | 20 | 55 | 28833 | 28814 | R | -19953.7 | Germany |
| Z.1 | N | Young-N | AGCACCATAGGGAAGTCC | 18 | 55.56 | 28648 | 28631 | R | -17571.6 | Singapore |
| Z.1 | N | CN-CDC-N | GGGGAACTTCTCCTGCTAGAAT | 22 | 50 | 28881 | 28902 | F | -20000 | China |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | TTGTTATAGCGGCCTTCTGT | 20 | 45 | 1970 | 1951 | R | -18501.6 | China |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | ATGCATTTGCATCAGAGGCT | 20 | 45 | 1866 | 1885 | F | -18828.7 | China |
| Z.1 | N | Won-N | CAATGCTGCAATCGTGCTAC | 20 | 50 | 28732 | 28751 | F | -19814.2 | South Korea |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | Charité-ORF1b | GTGARATGGTCATGTGTGGCGG | 22 | 54.55 | 15431 | 15452 | F | -18094.7 | Germany |
| Z.1 | E | Charité-E | ATATTGCAGCAGTACGCACACA | 22 | 45.45 | 26381 | 26360 | R | -20682.9 | Germany |
| Z.1 | E | Charité-E | ACAGGTACGTTAATAGTTAATAGCGT | 26 | 34.62 | 26269 | 26294 | F | -21259 | Germany |
| Z.1 | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -18955.1 | Singapore |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | Pasteur-ORF1ab-2 | GGTAACTGGTATGATTTCG | 19 | 42.11 | 14080 | 14098 | F | -16143 | France |
| Z.1 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -10608.2 | China |
| Z.1 | N | NIID-JP-N | TGGCAGCTGTGTAGGTCAAC | 20 | 55 | 29282 | 29263 | R | -18084 | Japan |
| Z.1 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | GGGAGCCTTGAATACACCAAAA | 22 | 45.45 | 28681 | 28702 | F | -19979.3 | US |
| Z.1 | N | CN-CDC-N | CAGACATTTTGCTCTCAAGCTG | 22 | 45.45 | 28979 | 28958 | R | -20295.5 | China |
| Lineage (WHO label) | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |