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| Prediction results retrieved after performance evaluation of WHO approved 34 primers to estimate their binding affinities for 3892 SARS-CoV-2 variants. |
| Lineage (WHO label)   | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XR | N | HKU-N | TAATCAGACAAGGAACTGATTA | 22 | 31.82 | 29145 | 29166 | F | -18800.2 | Hong Kong |
| XR | N | HKU-N | CGAAGGTGTGACTTCCATG | 19 | 52.63 | 29254 | 29236 | R | -20936.4 | Hong Kong |
| XR | N | Chan-N | GCGTTCTTCGGAATGTCG | 18 | 55.56 | 29210 | 29227 | F | -21207.6 | China |
| XR | N | Chan-N | TTGGATCTTTGTCATCCAATTTG | 23 | 34.78 | 29306 | 29284 | R | -21867.4 | China |
| XR | N | SC2 | CTGCAGATTTGGATGATTTCTCC | 23 | 43.48 | 29463 | 29485 | F | -23117.2 | US |
| XR | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| XR | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 F501R913 | TTCGGATGCTCGAACTGCACC | 21 | 57.14 | 484 | 504 | F | -24908.9 | Japan |
| XR | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 F501R913 | CTTTACCAGCACGTGCTAGAAGG | 23 | 52.17 | 896 | 874 | R | -25657.5 | Japan |
| XR | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 F509R854 | CTCGAACTGCACCTCATGG | 19 | 57.89 | 492 | 510 | F | -21969.5 | Japan |
| XR | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 F509R854 | CAGAAGTTGTTATCGACATAGC | 22 | 40.91 | 837 | 816 | R | -21257.9 | Japan |
| XR | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 Seq F519R840 | ACCTCATGGTCATGTTATGG | 20 | 45 | 502 | 521 | F | -20812.9 | Japan |
| XR | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 Seq F519R840 | GACATAGCGAGTGTATGCC | 19 | 52.63 | 823 | 805 | R | -20165.2 | Japan |
| XR | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TTGGCAAAATTCAAGACTCACTTT | 24 | 33.33 | 24354 | 24377 | F | -23366.4 | Japan |
| XR | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| XR | S | NIID WH-1 F24381R24873 | TCAAGACTCACTTTCTTCCAC | 21 | 42.86 | 24364 | 24384 | F | -20966 | Japan |
| XR | S | NIID WH-1 F24381R24873 | ATTTGAAACAAAGACACCTTCAC | 23 | 34.78 | 24856 | 24834 | R | -22193.2 | Japan |
| XR | S | NIID WH-1 Seq F24383R24865 | AAGACTCACTTTCTTCCACAG | 21 | 42.86 | 24366 | 24386 | F | -21400.8 | Japan |
| XR | S | NIID WH-1 Seq F24383R24865 | CAAAGACACCTTCACGAGG | 19 | 52.63 | 24848 | 24830 | R | -20677.6 | Japan |
| XS | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | ATGCATTTGCATCAGAGGCT | 20 | 45 | 1866 | 1885 | F | -21402.5 | China |
| XS | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | TTGTTATAGCGGCCTTCTGT | 20 | 45 | 1970 | 1951 | R | -21075.5 | China |
| XS | ORF1ab | Pasteur-ORF1ab-1 | ATGAGCTTAGTCCTGTTG | 18 | 44.44 | 12690 | 12707 | F | -17837.6 | France |
| XS | ORF1ab | Pasteur-ORF1ab-1 | CTCCCTTTGTTGTGTTGT | 18 | 44.44 | 12797 | 12780 | R | -18837.8 | France |
| XS | ORF1ab | Pasteur-ORF1ab-2 | GGTAACTGGTATGATTTCG | 19 | 42.11 | 14080 | 14098 | F | -18581.4 | France |
| XS | ORF1ab | Pasteur-ORF1ab-2 | CTGGTCAAGGTTAATATAGG | 20 | 40 | 14186 | 14167 | R | -18348.8 | France |
| XS | ORF1ab | CN-CDC-ORF1ab | CCCTGTGGGTTTTACACTTAA | 21 | 42.86 | 13342 | 13362 | F | -20516.2 | China |
| XS | ORF1ab | CN-CDC-ORF1ab | ACGATTGTGCATCAGCTGA | 19 | 47.37 | 13460 | 13442 | R | -20306.2 | China |
| XS | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | TCATTGTTAATGCCTATATTAACC | 24 | 29.17 | 14155 | 14178 | F | -20695.4 | Singapore |
| XS | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | CACTTAATGTAAGGCTTTGTTAAG | 24 | 33.33 | 14243 | 14220 | R | -22408 | Singapore |
| XS | ORF1ab | Charité-ORF1b | GTGARATGGTCATGTGTGGCGG | 22 | 54.55 | 15431 | 15452 | F | -5491.88 | Germany |
| XS | ORF1ab | Charité-ORF1b | CARATGTTAAASACACTATTAGCATA | 26 | 23.08 | 15530 | 15505 | R | -9191.15 | Germany |
| XS | ORF1ab | Won-ORF1ab | CATGTGTGGCGGTTCACTAT | 20 | 50 | 15441 | 15460 | F | -2207.87 | South Korea |
| XS | ORF1ab | Won-ORF1ab | TGCATTAACATTGGCCGTGA | 20 | 45 | 15558 | 15539 | R | -21175.8 | South Korea |
| XS | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT | 20 | 50 | 16220 | 16239 | F | -11502.5 | China |
| XS | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -13317.5 | China |
| XS | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | TGGGGYTTTACRGGTAACCT | 20 | 45 | 18778 | 18797 | F | -7043.36 | Hong Kong |
| XS | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | AACRCGCTTAACAAAGCACTC | 21 | 42.86 | 18909 | 18889 | R | -17655.9 | Hong Kong |
| XS | S | Young-S | TATACATGTCTCTGGGACCA | 20 | 45 | 21763 | 21782 | F | -13443.5 | Singapore |
| XS | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -22070.7 | Singapore |
| XS | S | Chan-S | CCTACTAAATTAAATGATCTCTGCTTTACT | 30 | 30 | 22712 | 22741 | F | -27219.1 | China |
| XS | S | Chan-S | CAAGCTATAACGCAGCCTGTA | 21 | 47.62 | 22869 | 22849 | R | -22073.5 | China |
| XS | S | Won-S | CTACATGCACCAGCAACTGT | 20 | 50 | 23114 | 23133 | F | -22142.8 | South Korea |
| XS | S | Won-S | CACCTGTGCCTGTTAAACCA | 20 | 50 | 23213 | 23194 | R | -18441.9 | South Korea |
| XS | E | Won-E | TTCGGAAGAGACAGGTACGTT | 21 | 47.62 | 26259 | 26279 | F | -18253.7 | South Korea |
| XS | E | Won-E | CACACAATCGATGCGCAGTA | 20 | 50 | 26365 | 26346 | R | -19261.4 | South Korea |
| XS | E | Charité-E | ACAGGTACGTTAATAGTTAATAGCGT | 26 | 34.62 | 26269 | 26294 | F | -22616.4 | Germany |
| XS | E | Charité-E | ATATTGCAGCAGTACGCACACA | 22 | 45.45 | 26381 | 26360 | R | -23527.6 | Germany |
| XS | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| XS | E | Huang-E | GCAGCAGTACGCACACAATC | 20 | 55 | 26376 | 26357 | R | -23540.5 | China |
| XS | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| XS | E | Niu-E | CACGTTAACAATATTGCAGC | 20 | 40 | 26391 | 26372 | R | -20723.8 | China |
| Lineage (WHO label) | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |