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| Prediction results retrieved after performance evaluation of WHO approved 34 primers to estimate their binding affinities for 3892 SARS-CoV-2 variants. |
| Lineage (WHO label)   | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XBB.1.20 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BA.2.3.22 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BA.2.38.2 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BA.2.79.1 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| B.1.1.359 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BN.1.5.1 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BA.2.66 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| B.1.1.485 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| CP.3 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| B.1.177.73 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| AY.112.2 (Delta) | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| B.1.1.13 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| Q.8 (Alpha) | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| AY.122.1 (Delta) | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BA.1.23 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -4083.33 | China |
| B.1.1.134 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| AY.39.1.3 (Delta) | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BN.1.3.4 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| C.38 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BA.1.3 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -4083.33 | China |
| XBC.2 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| Q.2 (Alpha) | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BL.1.1 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| M.3 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| C.2 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| AY.82 (Delta) | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| A.30 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| B.1.36.35 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| AY.23.1 (Delta) | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| B.1.466.1 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| B.1.213 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| AY.56 (Delta) | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| AY.39.1.4 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -16900.3 | China |
| AY.91.1 (Delta) | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| AY.4.14 (Delta) | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BA.2.3.16 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| B.1.177.41 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| B.1.1.375 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BL.1.4 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BA.2.75.9 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| XBH | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BL.1.2 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BQ.1.1.78 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| B.1.9.4 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BQ.1.1.64 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BE.2 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BQ.1.1.9 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BF.11.3 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| XBF.3 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| BZ.2 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| Lineage (WHO label) | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |