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| Prediction results retrieved after performance evaluation of WHO approved 34 primers to estimate their binding affinities for 3892 SARS-CoV-2 variants. |
| Lineage (WHO label)   | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XDY | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| XDY | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -25148.4 | US |
| XDY | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TTGGCAAAATTCAAGACTCACTTT | 24 | 33.33 | 24354 | 24377 | F | -22762.7 | Japan |
| JN.1.18.4 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | TCATTGTTAATGCCTATATTAACC | 24 | 29.17 | 14155 | 14178 | F | -20695.4 | Singapore |
| JN.1.18.4 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | CACTTAATGTAAGGCTTTGTTAAG | 24 | 33.33 | 14243 | 14220 | R | -22408 | Singapore |
| JN.1.18.4 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -13317.5 | China |
| JN.1.18.4 | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -22070.7 | Singapore |
| JN.1.18.4 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| JN.1.18.4 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -25148.4 | US |
| JN.1.18.4 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TTGGCAAAATTCAAGACTCACTTT | 24 | 33.33 | 24354 | 24377 | F | -22762.7 | Japan |
| KP.4.1.3 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | TCATTGTTAATGCCTATATTAACC | 24 | 29.17 | 14155 | 14178 | F | -20695.4 | Singapore |
| KP.4.1.3 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | CACTTAATGTAAGGCTTTGTTAAG | 24 | 33.33 | 14243 | 14220 | R | -22408 | Singapore |
| KP.4.1.3 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -13317.5 | China |
| KP.4.1.3 | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -22070.7 | Singapore |
| KP.4.1.3 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| KP.4.1.3 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -25148.4 | US |
| KP.4.1.3 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TTGGCAAAATTCAAGACTCACTTT | 24 | 33.33 | 24354 | 24377 | F | -22762.7 | Japan |
| KS.1 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | TCATTGTTAATGCCTATATTAACC | 24 | 29.17 | 14155 | 14178 | F | -20695.4 | Singapore |
| KS.1 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | CACTTAATGTAAGGCTTTGTTAAG | 24 | 33.33 | 14243 | 14220 | R | -22408 | Singapore |
| KS.1 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -13317.5 | China |
| KS.1 | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -22070.7 | Singapore |
| KS.1 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| KS.1 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -25148.4 | US |
| KS.1 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TTGGCAAAATTCAAGACTCACTTT | 24 | 33.33 | 24354 | 24377 | F | -22762.7 | Japan |
| MM.1 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | TCATTGTTAATGCCTATATTAACC | 24 | 29.17 | 14155 | 14178 | F | -20695.4 | Singapore |
| MM.1 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | CACTTAATGTAAGGCTTTGTTAAG | 24 | 33.33 | 14243 | 14220 | R | -22408 | Singapore |
| MM.1 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -13317.5 | China |
| MM.1 | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -22070.7 | Singapore |
| MM.1 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| MM.1 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -25148.4 | US |
| MM.1 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TTGGCAAAATTCAAGACTCACTTT | 24 | 33.33 | 24354 | 24377 | F | -22762.7 | Japan |
| JN.1.48.1 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | TCATTGTTAATGCCTATATTAACC | 24 | 29.17 | 14155 | 14178 | F | -20695.4 | Singapore |
| JN.1.48.1 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | CACTTAATGTAAGGCTTTGTTAAG | 24 | 33.33 | 14243 | 14220 | R | -22408 | Singapore |
| JN.1.48.1 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -13317.5 | China |
| JN.1.48.1 | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -22070.7 | Singapore |
| JN.1.48.1 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| JN.1.48.1 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -25148.4 | US |
| JN.1.48.1 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TTGGCAAAATTCAAGACTCACTTT | 24 | 33.33 | 24354 | 24377 | F | -495.687 | Japan |
| KP.4.2.1 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | TCATTGTTAATGCCTATATTAACC | 24 | 29.17 | 14155 | 14178 | F | -20695.4 | Singapore |
| KP.4.2.1 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | CACTTAATGTAAGGCTTTGTTAAG | 24 | 33.33 | 14243 | 14220 | R | -22408 | Singapore |
| KP.4.2.1 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -13317.5 | China |
| KP.4.2.1 | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -22070.7 | Singapore |
| KP.4.2.1 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| KP.4.2.1 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -25148.4 | US |
| KP.4.2.1 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TTGGCAAAATTCAAGACTCACTTT | 24 | 33.33 | 24354 | 24377 | F | -22762.7 | Japan |
| KP.3.1 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | TCATTGTTAATGCCTATATTAACC | 24 | 29.17 | 14155 | 14178 | F | -20695.4 | Singapore |
| KP.3.1 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | CACTTAATGTAAGGCTTTGTTAAG | 24 | 33.33 | 14243 | 14220 | R | -22408 | Singapore |
| KP.3.1 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -13317.5 | China |
| KP.3.1 | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -22070.7 | Singapore |
| KP.3.1 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| Lineage (WHO label) | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |