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| Prediction results retrieved after performance evaluation of WHO approved 34 primers to estimate their binding affinities for 3892 SARS-CoV-2 variants. |
| Lineage (WHO label)   | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HK.3 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| HK.3 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| EG.5.1.14 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| EG.5.1.14 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| JN.1.7.9 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| JN.1.7.9 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| KW.1 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| KW.1 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| MF.1 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| MF.1 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| LF.2 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| LF.2 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| KR.3 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| KR.3 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| JN.1.7.3 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| JN.1.7.3 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| KP.2.3.1 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| KP.2.3.1 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| KR.1.1 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| KR.1.1 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| JN.1.49 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| JN.1.49 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| MF.2 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -22750.3 | US |
| MF.2 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| XDK.3 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| XDK.3 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| KP.4.1.1 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| KP.4.1.1 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| JN.1.26 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| JN.1.26 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| JN.1.37 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| JN.1.37 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| JQ.2.1.1 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| JQ.2.1.1 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| JN.1.23.1 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| JN.1.23.1 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| DY.3 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| DY.3 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| KP.2.4 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| KP.2.4 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| LJ.1 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| LJ.1 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| LE.1.2 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| LE.1.2 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| MD.3 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| MD.3 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| EG.5.1.16 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| EG.5.1.16 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| LE.1.1 | N | SC2 | CCTTGTGTGGTCTGCATGAGTTTAG | 25 | 48 | 29554 | 29530 | R | -26482.3 | US |
| LE.1.1 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TGTGGTTCATAAAAATTCCTTTGTG | 25 | 32 | 24900 | 24876 | R | -23857.7 | Japan |
| Lineage (WHO label) | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |