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| Prediction results retrieved after performance evaluation of WHO approved 34 primers to estimate their binding affinities for 3892 SARS-CoV-2 variants. |
| Lineage (WHO label)   | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XL | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| XL | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -7949.56 | US |
| XL | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TTGGCAAAATTCAAGACTCACTTT | 24 | 33.33 | 24354 | 24377 | F | -23366.4 | Japan |
| BD.1 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | TCATTGTTAATGCCTATATTAACC | 24 | 29.17 | 14155 | 14178 | F | -20695.4 | Singapore |
| BD.1 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | CACTTAATGTAAGGCTTTGTTAAG | 24 | 33.33 | 14243 | 14220 | R | -22408 | Singapore |
| BD.1 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -13317.5 | China |
| BD.1 | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -22070.7 | Singapore |
| BD.1 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| BD.1 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -25148.4 | US |
| BD.1 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TTGGCAAAATTCAAGACTCACTTT | 24 | 33.33 | 24354 | 24377 | F | -23366.4 | Japan |
| AY.87 (Delta) | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | TCATTGTTAATGCCTATATTAACC | 24 | 29.17 | 14155 | 14178 | F | -20695.4 | Singapore |
| AY.87 (Delta) | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | CACTTAATGTAAGGCTTTGTTAAG | 24 | 33.33 | 14243 | 14220 | R | -22408 | Singapore |
| AY.87 (Delta) | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -13317.5 | China |
| AY.87 (Delta) | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -22070.7 | Singapore |
| AY.87 (Delta) | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| AY.87 (Delta) | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -25148.4 | US |
| AY.87 (Delta) | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TTGGCAAAATTCAAGACTCACTTT | 24 | 33.33 | 24354 | 24377 | F | -23366.4 | Japan |
| BA.2.23.1 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | TCATTGTTAATGCCTATATTAACC | 24 | 29.17 | 14155 | 14178 | F | -20695.4 | Singapore |
| BA.2.23.1 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | CACTTAATGTAAGGCTTTGTTAAG | 24 | 33.33 | 14243 | 14220 | R | -22408 | Singapore |
| BA.2.23.1 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -13317.5 | China |
| BA.2.23.1 | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -22070.7 | Singapore |
| BA.2.23.1 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| BA.2.23.1 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -25148.4 | US |
| BA.2.23.1 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TTGGCAAAATTCAAGACTCACTTT | 24 | 33.33 | 24354 | 24377 | F | -23366.4 | Japan |
| XN | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | TCATTGTTAATGCCTATATTAACC | 24 | 29.17 | 14155 | 14178 | F | -20695.4 | Singapore |
| XN | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | CACTTAATGTAAGGCTTTGTTAAG | 24 | 33.33 | 14243 | 14220 | R | -22408 | Singapore |
| XN | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -13317.5 | China |
| XN | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -22070.7 | Singapore |
| XN | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| XN | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -25148.4 | US |
| XN | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TTGGCAAAATTCAAGACTCACTTT | 24 | 33.33 | 24354 | 24377 | F | -23366.4 | Japan |
| AY.111 (Delta) | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | TCATTGTTAATGCCTATATTAACC | 24 | 29.17 | 14155 | 14178 | F | -20695.4 | Singapore |
| AY.111 (Delta) | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | CACTTAATGTAAGGCTTTGTTAAG | 24 | 33.33 | 14243 | 14220 | R | -22408 | Singapore |
| AY.111 (Delta) | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -13317.5 | China |
| AY.111 (Delta) | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -22070.7 | Singapore |
| AY.111 (Delta) | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| AY.111 (Delta) | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -25148.4 | US |
| AY.111 (Delta) | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TTGGCAAAATTCAAGACTCACTTT | 24 | 33.33 | 24354 | 24377 | F | -23366.4 | Japan |
| BM.5 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | TCATTGTTAATGCCTATATTAACC | 24 | 29.17 | 14155 | 14178 | F | -20695.4 | Singapore |
| BM.5 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | CACTTAATGTAAGGCTTTGTTAAG | 24 | 33.33 | 14243 | 14220 | R | -22408 | Singapore |
| BM.5 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -13317.5 | China |
| BM.5 | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -22070.7 | Singapore |
| BM.5 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| BM.5 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -25148.4 | US |
| BM.5 | S | WuhanCoV-spk1 | TTGGCAAAATTCAAGACTCACTTT | 24 | 33.33 | 24354 | 24377 | F | -23366.4 | Japan |
| BA.5.1.31 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | TCATTGTTAATGCCTATATTAACC | 24 | 29.17 | 14155 | 14178 | F | -20695.4 | Singapore |
| BA.5.1.31 | ORF1ab | Young-ORF1ab | CACTTAATGTAAGGCTTTGTTAAG | 24 | 33.33 | 14243 | 14220 | R | -22408 | Singapore |
| BA.5.1.31 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -13317.5 | China |
| BA.5.1.31 | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -22070.7 | Singapore |
| BA.5.1.31 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| Lineage (WHO label) | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |