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| Prediction results retrieved after performance evaluation of WHO approved 34 primers to estimate their binding affinities for 3892 SARS-CoV-2 variants. |
| Lineage (WHO label)   | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XBB.3.2 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | TTGTTATAGCGGCCTTCTGT | 20 | 45 | 1970 | 1951 | R | -21075.5 | China |
| XBB.3.2 | ORF1ab | Won-ORF1ab | TGCATTAACATTGGCCGTGA | 20 | 45 | 15558 | 15539 | R | -21175.8 | South Korea |
| XBB.3.2 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | TGGGGYTTTACRGGTAACCT | 20 | 45 | 18778 | 18797 | F | -7043.36 | Hong Kong |
| XBB.3.2 | S | Young-S | TATACATGTCTCTGGGACCA | 20 | 45 | 21763 | 21782 | F | -19121.1 | Singapore |
| XBB.3.2 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | GACCCCAAAATCAGCGAAAT | 20 | 45 | 28287 | 28306 | F | -20656.7 | US |
| XBB.3.2 | N | NIID-JP-N | AAATTTTGGGGACCAGGAAC | 20 | 45 | 29125 | 29144 | F | -20489.8 | Japan |
| XBB.3.2 | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 Seq F519R840 | ACCTCATGGTCATGTTATGG | 20 | 45 | 502 | 521 | F | -17590 | Japan |
| BN.1.2.4 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | ATGCATTTGCATCAGAGGCT | 20 | 45 | 1866 | 1885 | F | -21402.5 | China |
| BN.1.2.4 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | TTGTTATAGCGGCCTTCTGT | 20 | 45 | 1970 | 1951 | R | -21075.5 | China |
| BN.1.2.4 | ORF1ab | Won-ORF1ab | TGCATTAACATTGGCCGTGA | 20 | 45 | 15558 | 15539 | R | -21175.8 | South Korea |
| BN.1.2.4 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | TGGGGYTTTACRGGTAACCT | 20 | 45 | 18778 | 18797 | F | -7043.36 | Hong Kong |
| BN.1.2.4 | S | Young-S | TATACATGTCTCTGGGACCA | 20 | 45 | 21763 | 21782 | F | -19121.1 | Singapore |
| BN.1.2.4 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | GACCCCAAAATCAGCGAAAT | 20 | 45 | 28287 | 28306 | F | -20656.7 | US |
| BN.1.2.4 | N | NIID-JP-N | AAATTTTGGGGACCAGGAAC | 20 | 45 | 29125 | 29144 | F | -20489.8 | Japan |
| BN.1.2.4 | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 Seq F519R840 | ACCTCATGGTCATGTTATGG | 20 | 45 | 502 | 521 | F | -20812.9 | Japan |
| CH.1.1.25 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | ATGCATTTGCATCAGAGGCT | 20 | 45 | 1866 | 1885 | F | -21402.5 | China |
| CH.1.1.25 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | TTGTTATAGCGGCCTTCTGT | 20 | 45 | 1970 | 1951 | R | -21075.5 | China |
| CH.1.1.25 | ORF1ab | Won-ORF1ab | TGCATTAACATTGGCCGTGA | 20 | 45 | 15558 | 15539 | R | -21175.8 | South Korea |
| CH.1.1.25 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | TGGGGYTTTACRGGTAACCT | 20 | 45 | 18778 | 18797 | F | -7043.36 | Hong Kong |
| CH.1.1.25 | S | Young-S | TATACATGTCTCTGGGACCA | 20 | 45 | 21763 | 21782 | F | -19121.1 | Singapore |
| CH.1.1.25 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | GACCCCAAAATCAGCGAAAT | 20 | 45 | 28287 | 28306 | F | -20656.7 | US |
| CH.1.1.25 | N | NIID-JP-N | AAATTTTGGGGACCAGGAAC | 20 | 45 | 29125 | 29144 | F | -20489.8 | Japan |
| CH.1.1.25 | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 Seq F519R840 | ACCTCATGGTCATGTTATGG | 20 | 45 | 502 | 521 | F | -20812.9 | Japan |
| DB.2 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | ATGCATTTGCATCAGAGGCT | 20 | 45 | 1866 | 1885 | F | -21402.5 | China |
| DB.2 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | TTGTTATAGCGGCCTTCTGT | 20 | 45 | 1970 | 1951 | R | -21075.5 | China |
| DB.2 | ORF1ab | Won-ORF1ab | TGCATTAACATTGGCCGTGA | 20 | 45 | 15558 | 15539 | R | -21175.8 | South Korea |
| DB.2 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | TGGGGYTTTACRGGTAACCT | 20 | 45 | 18778 | 18797 | F | -7043.36 | Hong Kong |
| DB.2 | S | Young-S | TATACATGTCTCTGGGACCA | 20 | 45 | 21763 | 21782 | F | -13305.5 | Singapore |
| DB.2 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | GACCCCAAAATCAGCGAAAT | 20 | 45 | 28287 | 28306 | F | -20656.7 | US |
| DB.2 | N | NIID-JP-N | AAATTTTGGGGACCAGGAAC | 20 | 45 | 29125 | 29144 | F | -20489.8 | Japan |
| DB.2 | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 Seq F519R840 | ACCTCATGGTCATGTTATGG | 20 | 45 | 502 | 521 | F | -20812.9 | Japan |
| CH.1.1.16 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | ATGCATTTGCATCAGAGGCT | 20 | 45 | 1866 | 1885 | F | -21402.5 | China |
| CH.1.1.16 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | TTGTTATAGCGGCCTTCTGT | 20 | 45 | 1970 | 1951 | R | -21075.5 | China |
| CH.1.1.16 | ORF1ab | Won-ORF1ab | TGCATTAACATTGGCCGTGA | 20 | 45 | 15558 | 15539 | R | -21175.8 | South Korea |
| CH.1.1.16 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | TGGGGYTTTACRGGTAACCT | 20 | 45 | 18778 | 18797 | F | -7043.36 | Hong Kong |
| CH.1.1.16 | S | Young-S | TATACATGTCTCTGGGACCA | 20 | 45 | 21763 | 21782 | F | -19121.1 | Singapore |
| CH.1.1.16 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | GACCCCAAAATCAGCGAAAT | 20 | 45 | 28287 | 28306 | F | -20656.7 | US |
| CH.1.1.16 | N | NIID-JP-N | AAATTTTGGGGACCAGGAAC | 20 | 45 | 29125 | 29144 | F | -20489.8 | Japan |
| CH.1.1.16 | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 Seq F519R840 | ACCTCATGGTCATGTTATGG | 20 | 45 | 502 | 521 | F | -20812.9 | Japan |
| CZ.2 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | ATGCATTTGCATCAGAGGCT | 20 | 45 | 1866 | 1885 | F | -21402.5 | China |
| CZ.2 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | TTGTTATAGCGGCCTTCTGT | 20 | 45 | 1970 | 1951 | R | -21075.5 | China |
| CZ.2 | ORF1ab | Won-ORF1ab | TGCATTAACATTGGCCGTGA | 20 | 45 | 15558 | 15539 | R | -21175.8 | South Korea |
| CZ.2 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | TGGGGYTTTACRGGTAACCT | 20 | 45 | 18778 | 18797 | F | -7043.36 | Hong Kong |
| CZ.2 | S | Young-S | TATACATGTCTCTGGGACCA | 20 | 45 | 21763 | 21782 | F | -13305.5 | Singapore |
| CZ.2 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | GACCCCAAAATCAGCGAAAT | 20 | 45 | 28287 | 28306 | F | -20656.7 | US |
| CZ.2 | N | NIID-JP-N | AAATTTTGGGGACCAGGAAC | 20 | 45 | 29125 | 29144 | F | -20489.8 | Japan |
| CZ.2 | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 Seq F519R840 | ACCTCATGGTCATGTTATGG | 20 | 45 | 502 | 521 | F | -2648.21 | Japan |
| BA.5.1.18 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | ATGCATTTGCATCAGAGGCT | 20 | 45 | 1866 | 1885 | F | -21402.5 | China |
| BA.5.1.18 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | TTGTTATAGCGGCCTTCTGT | 20 | 45 | 1970 | 1951 | R | -21075.5 | China |
| BA.5.1.18 | ORF1ab | Won-ORF1ab | TGCATTAACATTGGCCGTGA | 20 | 45 | 15558 | 15539 | R | -21175.8 | South Korea |
| Lineage (WHO label) | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |