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| Prediction results retrieved after performance evaluation of WHO approved 34 primers to estimate their binding affinities for 3892 SARS-CoV-2 variants. |
| Lineage (WHO label)   | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BC.1 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | AACRCGCTTAACAAAGCACTC | 21 | 42.86 | 18909 | 18889 | R | -17655.9 | Hong Kong |
| BA.2.10.1 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | AACRCGCTTAACAAAGCACTC | 21 | 42.86 | 18909 | 18889 | R | -17655.9 | Hong Kong |
| BA.2.3.1 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | AACRCGCTTAACAAAGCACTC | 21 | 42.86 | 18909 | 18889 | R | -17655.9 | Hong Kong |
| BA.2.3.13 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | AACRCGCTTAACAAAGCACTC | 21 | 42.86 | 18909 | 18889 | R | -17655.9 | Hong Kong |
| BA.2.3.9 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | AACRCGCTTAACAAAGCACTC | 21 | 42.86 | 18909 | 18889 | R | -17655.9 | Hong Kong |
| BA.2.10.2 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | AACRCGCTTAACAAAGCACTC | 21 | 42.86 | 18909 | 18889 | R | -17655.9 | Hong Kong |
| BA.2.56 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | AACRCGCTTAACAAAGCACTC | 21 | 42.86 | 18909 | 18889 | R | -17655.9 | Hong Kong |
| BA.2.29 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | AACRCGCTTAACAAAGCACTC | 21 | 42.86 | 18909 | 18889 | R | -17655.9 | Hong Kong |
| BA.2.10 | ORF1ab | HKU-ORF1b | AACRCGCTTAACAAAGCACTC | 21 | 42.86 | 18909 | 18889 | R | -17655.9 | Hong Kong |
| B.1.1.458 | N | NIH-TH_N | CCCCACTGCGTTCTCCATT | 19 | 57.89 | 28376 | 28358 | R | -17666.7 | Thailand |
| B.1.258.22 | N | NIH-TH_N | CCCCACTGCGTTCTCCATT | 19 | 57.89 | 28376 | 28358 | R | -17666.7 | Thailand |
| AY.24.1 (Delta) | N | NIH-TH_N | CCCCACTGCGTTCTCCATT | 19 | 57.89 | 28376 | 28358 | R | -17666.7 | Thailand |
| BA.5.5.2 | N | Won-N | GTTGCGACTACGTGATGAGG | 20 | 55 | 28849 | 28830 | R | -17667.3 | South Korea |
| AY.61 (Delta) | N | Won-N | GTTGCGACTACGTGATGAGG | 20 | 55 | 28849 | 28830 | R | -17667.3 | South Korea |
| BN.1.4.2 | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 F509R854 | CTCGAACTGCACCTCATGG | 19 | 57.89 | 492 | 510 | F | -17676.7 | Japan |
| XBB.1.37 | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 F509R854 | CTCGAACTGCACCTCATGG | 19 | 57.89 | 492 | 510 | F | -17676.7 | Japan |
| EG.5.1.19 | S | Won-S | CTACATGCACCAGCAACTGT | 20 | 50 | 23114 | 23133 | F | -17683 | South Korea |
| FY.8.1.1 | S | Won-S | CTACATGCACCAGCAACTGT | 20 | 50 | 23114 | 23133 | F | -17683 | South Korea |
| N.4 | E | Niu-E | CACGTTAACAATATTGCAGC | 20 | 40 | 26391 | 26372 | R | -17710.7 | China |
| FK.1.4.1 | N | HKU-N | CGAAGGTGTGACTTCCATG | 19 | 52.63 | 29254 | 29236 | R | -17713.6 | Hong Kong |
| B.1.597 | N | HKU-N | CGAAGGTGTGACTTCCATG | 19 | 52.63 | 29254 | 29236 | R | -17713.6 | Hong Kong |
| A.1 | E | Won-E | TTCGGAAGAGACAGGTACGTT | 21 | 47.62 | 26259 | 26279 | F | -17715.7 | South Korea |
| KB.1 | S | NIID WH-1 F24381R24873 | TCAAGACTCACTTTCTTCCAC | 21 | 42.86 | 24364 | 24384 | F | -17718.1 | Japan |
| XBB.1.5.97 | S | NIID WH-1 F24381R24873 | TCAAGACTCACTTTCTTCCAC | 21 | 42.86 | 24364 | 24384 | F | -17718.1 | Japan |
| BA.2.55 | S | NIID WH-1 F24381R24873 | TCAAGACTCACTTTCTTCCAC | 21 | 42.86 | 24364 | 24384 | F | -17718.1 | Japan |
| BA.2.13.1 | S | NIID WH-1 F24381R24873 | TCAAGACTCACTTTCTTCCAC | 21 | 42.86 | 24364 | 24384 | F | -17718.1 | Japan |
| CM.8.1.5 | N | Won-N | CAATGCTGCAATCGTGCTAC | 20 | 50 | 28732 | 28751 | F | -17723.5 | South Korea |
| B.1.1.517 | N | Won-N | CAATGCTGCAATCGTGCTAC | 20 | 50 | 28732 | 28751 | F | -17723.5 | South Korea |
| B.1.397 | N | Won-N | CAATGCTGCAATCGTGCTAC | 20 | 50 | 28732 | 28751 | F | -17723.5 | South Korea |
| BF.32 | N | Won-N | CAATGCTGCAATCGTGCTAC | 20 | 50 | 28732 | 28751 | F | -17723.5 | South Korea |
| XBB.1.16.6 | N | Won-N | CAATGCTGCAATCGTGCTAC | 20 | 50 | 28732 | 28751 | F | -17723.5 | South Korea |
| FK.1 | N | Won-N | CAATGCTGCAATCGTGCTAC | 20 | 50 | 28732 | 28751 | F | -17723.5 | South Korea |
| CH.1.1.18 | N | Won-N | CAATGCTGCAATCGTGCTAC | 20 | 50 | 28732 | 28751 | F | -17723.5 | South Korea |
| B.1.1.228 | N | Won-N | CAATGCTGCAATCGTGCTAC | 20 | 50 | 28732 | 28751 | F | -17723.5 | South Korea |
| B.1.1.174 | N | Won-N | CAATGCTGCAATCGTGCTAC | 20 | 50 | 28732 | 28751 | F | -17723.5 | South Korea |
| A.24 | N | Won-N | CAATGCTGCAATCGTGCTAC | 20 | 50 | 28732 | 28751 | F | -17727.2 | South Korea |
| B.1.115 | N | HKU-N | CGAAGGTGTGACTTCCATG | 19 | 52.63 | 29254 | 29236 | R | -17729.2 | Hong Kong |
| B.1.177.74 | N | HKU-N | CGAAGGTGTGACTTCCATG | 19 | 52.63 | 29254 | 29236 | R | -17729.2 | Hong Kong |
| FM.2 | N | HKU-N | CGAAGGTGTGACTTCCATG | 19 | 52.63 | 29254 | 29236 | R | -17729.2 | Hong Kong |
| BA.2.12.1 | N | HKU-N | CGAAGGTGTGACTTCCATG | 19 | 52.63 | 29254 | 29236 | R | -17729.2 | Hong Kong |
| B.1.617.2 (Delta) | N | US-CDC-N-2 | GCGCGACATTCCGAAGAA | 18 | 55.56 | 29230 | 29213 | R | -17730 | US |
| GJ.1.1 | N | US-CDC-N-2 | GCGCGACATTCCGAAGAA | 18 | 55.56 | 29230 | 29213 | R | -17730 | US |
| XDV | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | TTGTTATAGCGGCCTTCTGT | 20 | 45 | 1970 | 1951 | R | -17732.3 | China |
| CM.8.1 | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 F509R854 | CTCGAACTGCACCTCATGG | 19 | 57.89 | 492 | 510 | F | -17733.1 | Japan |
| GP.1 | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 F509R854 | CTCGAACTGCACCTCATGG | 19 | 57.89 | 492 | 510 | F | -17733.1 | Japan |
| XBB.8.2 | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 F509R854 | CTCGAACTGCACCTCATGG | 19 | 57.89 | 492 | 510 | F | -17733.1 | Japan |
| KT.1 | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 F509R854 | CTCGAACTGCACCTCATGG | 19 | 57.89 | 492 | 510 | F | -17733.1 | Japan |
| JP.1.1 | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 F509R854 | CTCGAACTGCACCTCATGG | 19 | 57.89 | 492 | 510 | F | -17733.1 | Japan |
| BA.5.3.5 | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 F509R854 | CTCGAACTGCACCTCATGG | 19 | 57.89 | 492 | 510 | F | -17733.1 | Japan |
| BQ.1.23 | ORF1ab | NIID WH-1 F509R854 | CTCGAACTGCACCTCATGG | 19 | 57.89 | 492 | 510 | F | -17733.1 | Japan |
| Lineage (WHO label) | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |