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| Prediction results retrieved after performance evaluation of WHO approved 34 primers to estimate their binding affinities for 3892 SARS-CoV-2 variants. |
| Lineage (WHO label)   | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HN.8 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -20419.5 | China |
| BA.5.3.1 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -20419.5 | China |
| MK.2 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -20419.5 | China |
| A.12 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -20419.5 | China |
| XBB.1.5.39 | S | Won-S | CTACATGCACCAGCAACTGT | 20 | 50 | 23114 | 23133 | F | -20413.7 | South Korea |
| BN.3.1 | E | Huang-E | GCAGCAGTACGCACACAATC | 20 | 55 | 26376 | 26357 | R | -20407.1 | China |
| AY.4.16 (Delta) | E | Huang-E | GCAGCAGTACGCACACAATC | 20 | 55 | 26376 | 26357 | R | -20407.1 | China |
| AY.4.16 (Delta) | E | Charité-E | ATATTGCAGCAGTACGCACACA | 22 | 45.45 | 26381 | 26360 | R | -20394.2 | Germany |
| BN.3.1 | E | Charité-E | ATATTGCAGCAGTACGCACACA | 22 | 45.45 | 26381 | 26360 | R | -20394.2 | Germany |
| KP.4.2.2 | N | US-CDC-N-2 | TTACAAACATTGGCCGCAAA | 20 | 40 | 29164 | 29183 | F | -20389.3 | US |
| JN.1.42.2 | N | Corman-N | GAGGAACGAGAAGAGGCTTG | 20 | 55 | 28833 | 28814 | R | -20387.2 | Germany |
| BN.1.1.1 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -20385.1 | US |
| B.1.177.42 | N | NIH-TH_N | CCCCACTGCGTTCTCCATT | 19 | 57.89 | 28376 | 28358 | R | -20376.5 | Thailand |
| HW.1.1 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | TCTGGTTACTGCCAGTTGAATCTG | 24 | 45.83 | 28358 | 28335 | R | -20362.3 | US |
| BR.2 | N | US-CDC-N-1 | GACCCCAAAATCAGCGAAAT | 20 | 45 | 28287 | 28306 | F | -20351.8 | US |
| B.1.441 | N | CN-CDC-N | GGGGAACTTCTCCTGCTAGAAT | 22 | 50 | 28881 | 28902 | F | -20347.6 | China |
| XBB.1.5.109 | S | NIID WH-1 F24381R24873 | TCAAGACTCACTTTCTTCCAC | 21 | 42.86 | 24364 | 24384 | F | -20346.1 | Japan |
| JN.1.35 | S | Young-S | ATCCAGCCTCTTATTATGTTAGAC | 24 | 37.5 | 21876 | 21853 | R | -20341.7 | Singapore |
| HK.3.10 | S | Won-S | CTACATGCACCAGCAACTGT | 20 | 50 | 23114 | 23133 | F | -20338.9 | South Korea |
| JN.1.39.1 | S | Won-S | CTACATGCACCAGCAACTGT | 20 | 50 | 23114 | 23133 | F | -20338.9 | South Korea |
| XBB.1.18.1 | S | Won-S | CTACATGCACCAGCAACTGT | 20 | 50 | 23114 | 23133 | F | -20338.9 | South Korea |
| FY.9 | S | Won-S | CTACATGCACCAGCAACTGT | 20 | 50 | 23114 | 23133 | F | -20338.9 | South Korea |
| BA.4.1.4 | S | Won-S | CTACATGCACCAGCAACTGT | 20 | 50 | 23114 | 23133 | F | -20338.9 | South Korea |
| KP.2.14 | S | Won-S | CTACATGCACCAGCAACTGT | 20 | 50 | 23114 | 23133 | F | -20338.9 | South Korea |
| B.1.438.3 | S | Won-S | CTACATGCACCAGCAACTGT | 20 | 50 | 23114 | 23133 | F | -20338.9 | South Korea |
| B.1.1.273 | S | Won-S | CTACATGCACCAGCAACTGT | 20 | 50 | 23114 | 23133 | F | -20338.9 | South Korea |
| CM.8.1.5 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | TGTAGCACGATTGCAGCATTG | 21 | 47.62 | 28752 | 28732 | R | -20331.1 | US |
| XBB.1.16.6 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | TGTAGCACGATTGCAGCATTG | 21 | 47.62 | 28752 | 28732 | R | -20331.1 | US |
| B.1.397 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | TGTAGCACGATTGCAGCATTG | 21 | 47.62 | 28752 | 28732 | R | -20331.1 | US |
| BF.32 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | TGTAGCACGATTGCAGCATTG | 21 | 47.62 | 28752 | 28732 | R | -20331.1 | US |
| B.1.1.517 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | TGTAGCACGATTGCAGCATTG | 21 | 47.62 | 28752 | 28732 | R | -20331.1 | US |
| FK.1 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | TGTAGCACGATTGCAGCATTG | 21 | 47.62 | 28752 | 28732 | R | -20331.1 | US |
| CH.1.1.18 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | TGTAGCACGATTGCAGCATTG | 21 | 47.62 | 28752 | 28732 | R | -20331.1 | US |
| B.1.1.228 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | TGTAGCACGATTGCAGCATTG | 21 | 47.62 | 28752 | 28732 | R | -20331.1 | US |
| B.1.1.174 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | TGTAGCACGATTGCAGCATTG | 21 | 47.62 | 28752 | 28732 | R | -20331.1 | US |
| B.4.8 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | GGGAGCCTTGAATACACCAAAA | 22 | 45.45 | 28681 | 28702 | F | -20326.9 | US |
| B.4 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | GGGAGCCTTGAATACACCAAAA | 22 | 45.45 | 28681 | 28702 | F | -20326.9 | US |
| B.4.7 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | GGGAGCCTTGAATACACCAAAA | 22 | 45.45 | 28681 | 28702 | F | -20326.9 | US |
| B.4.4 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | GGGAGCCTTGAATACACCAAAA | 22 | 45.45 | 28681 | 28702 | F | -20326.9 | US |
| B.4.1 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | GGGAGCCTTGAATACACCAAAA | 22 | 45.45 | 28681 | 28702 | F | -20326.9 | US |
| B.4.5 | N | US-CDC-N-3 | GGGAGCCTTGAATACACCAAAA | 22 | 45.45 | 28681 | 28702 | F | -20326.9 | US |
| B.1.1.299 | S | Won-S | CACCTGTGCCTGTTAAACCA | 20 | 50 | 23213 | 23194 | R | -20316.5 | South Korea |
| R.2 | S | Won-S | CACCTGTGCCTGTTAAACCA | 20 | 50 | 23213 | 23194 | R | -20316.5 | South Korea |
| AY.130 | S | Chan-S | CAAGCTATAACGCAGCCTGTA | 21 | 47.62 | 22869 | 22849 | R | -20311.7 | China |
| B.1.36.23 | N | CN-CDC-N | GGGGAACTTCTCCTGCTAGAAT | 22 | 50 | 28881 | 28902 | F | -20306.8 | China |
| B.1.1.213 | ORF1ab | CN-CDC-ORF1ab | ACGATTGTGCATCAGCTGA | 19 | 47.37 | 13460 | 13442 | R | -20306.2 | China |
| B.1.1.12 | ORF1ab | CN-CDC-ORF1ab | ACGATTGTGCATCAGCTGA | 19 | 47.37 | 13460 | 13442 | R | -20306.2 | China |
| B.1.1.341 | ORF1ab | CN-CDC-ORF1ab | ACGATTGTGCATCAGCTGA | 19 | 47.37 | 13460 | 13442 | R | -20306.2 | China |
| B.1.1.89 | ORF1ab | CN-CDC-ORF1ab | ACGATTGTGCATCAGCTGA | 19 | 47.37 | 13460 | 13442 | R | -20306.2 | China |
| B.1.36.23 | ORF1ab | CN-CDC-ORF1ab | ACGATTGTGCATCAGCTGA | 19 | 47.37 | 13460 | 13442 | R | -20306.2 | China |
| Lineage (WHO label) | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |