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| Prediction results retrieved after performance evaluation of WHO approved 34 primers to estimate their binding affinities for 3892 SARS-CoV-2 variants. |
| Lineage (WHO label)   | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FW.1.1.1 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| FW.1.1.1 | E | Huang-E | GCAGCAGTACGCACACAATC | 20 | 55 | 26376 | 26357 | R | -23540.5 | China |
| FW.1.1.1 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| FW.1.1.1 | E | Niu-E | CACGTTAACAATATTGCAGC | 20 | 40 | 26391 | 26372 | R | -20723.8 | China |
| FW.1.1.1 | N | CN-CDC-N | GGGGAACTTCTCCTGCTAGAAT | 22 | 50 | 28881 | 28902 | F | -17926.1 | China |
| FW.1.1.1 | N | CN-CDC-N | CAGACATTTTGCTCTCAAGCTG | 22 | 45.45 | 28979 | 28958 | R | -23140.2 | China |
| FW.1.1.1 | N | Chan-N | GCGTTCTTCGGAATGTCG | 18 | 55.56 | 29210 | 29227 | F | -21207.6 | China |
| FW.1.1.1 | N | Chan-N | TTGGATCTTTGTCATCCAATTTG | 23 | 34.78 | 29306 | 29284 | R | -21867.4 | China |
| HN.4.2 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | ATGCATTTGCATCAGAGGCT | 20 | 45 | 1866 | 1885 | F | -21402.5 | China |
| HN.4.2 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | TTGTTATAGCGGCCTTCTGT | 20 | 45 | 1970 | 1951 | R | -21075.5 | China |
| HN.4.2 | ORF1ab | CN-CDC-ORF1ab | CCCTGTGGGTTTTACACTTAA | 21 | 42.86 | 13342 | 13362 | F | -20516.2 | China |
| HN.4.2 | ORF1ab | CN-CDC-ORF1ab | ACGATTGTGCATCAGCTGA | 19 | 47.37 | 13460 | 13442 | R | -20306.2 | China |
| HN.4.2 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT | 20 | 50 | 16220 | 16239 | F | -11502.5 | China |
| HN.4.2 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -17292.3 | China |
| HN.4.2 | S | Chan-S | CCTACTAAATTAAATGATCTCTGCTTTACT | 30 | 30 | 22712 | 22741 | F | -27219.1 | China |
| HN.4.2 | S | Chan-S | CAAGCTATAACGCAGCCTGTA | 21 | 47.62 | 22869 | 22849 | R | -22073.5 | China |
| HN.4.2 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| HN.4.2 | E | Huang-E | GCAGCAGTACGCACACAATC | 20 | 55 | 26376 | 26357 | R | -23540.5 | China |
| HN.4.2 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| HN.4.2 | E | Niu-E | CACGTTAACAATATTGCAGC | 20 | 40 | 26391 | 26372 | R | -20723.8 | China |
| HN.4.2 | N | CN-CDC-N | GGGGAACTTCTCCTGCTAGAAT | 22 | 50 | 28881 | 28902 | F | -17926.1 | China |
| HN.4.2 | N | CN-CDC-N | CAGACATTTTGCTCTCAAGCTG | 22 | 45.45 | 28979 | 28958 | R | -23140.2 | China |
| HN.4.2 | N | Chan-N | GCGTTCTTCGGAATGTCG | 18 | 55.56 | 29210 | 29227 | F | -21207.6 | China |
| HN.4.2 | N | Chan-N | TTGGATCTTTGTCATCCAATTTG | 23 | 34.78 | 29306 | 29284 | R | -21867.4 | China |
| XBB.1.16.17 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | ATGCATTTGCATCAGAGGCT | 20 | 45 | 1866 | 1885 | F | -21402.5 | China |
| XBB.1.16.17 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | TTGTTATAGCGGCCTTCTGT | 20 | 45 | 1970 | 1951 | R | -21075.5 | China |
| XBB.1.16.17 | ORF1ab | CN-CDC-ORF1ab | CCCTGTGGGTTTTACACTTAA | 21 | 42.86 | 13342 | 13362 | F | -1313 | China |
| XBB.1.16.17 | ORF1ab | CN-CDC-ORF1ab | ACGATTGTGCATCAGCTGA | 19 | 47.37 | 13460 | 13442 | R | -20306.2 | China |
| XBB.1.16.17 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT | 20 | 50 | 16220 | 16239 | F | -11502.5 | China |
| XBB.1.16.17 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -17292.3 | China |
| XBB.1.16.17 | S | Chan-S | CCTACTAAATTAAATGATCTCTGCTTTACT | 30 | 30 | 22712 | 22741 | F | -27219.1 | China |
| XBB.1.16.17 | S | Chan-S | CAAGCTATAACGCAGCCTGTA | 21 | 47.62 | 22869 | 22849 | R | -22073.5 | China |
| XBB.1.16.17 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| XBB.1.16.17 | E | Huang-E | GCAGCAGTACGCACACAATC | 20 | 55 | 26376 | 26357 | R | -23540.5 | China |
| XBB.1.16.17 | E | Niu-E | TTCTTGCTTTCGTGGTATTC | 20 | 40 | 26303 | 26322 | F | -19913.4 | China |
| XBB.1.16.17 | E | Niu-E | CACGTTAACAATATTGCAGC | 20 | 40 | 26391 | 26372 | R | -3779.86 | China |
| XBB.1.16.17 | N | CN-CDC-N | GGGGAACTTCTCCTGCTAGAAT | 22 | 50 | 28881 | 28902 | F | -17926.1 | China |
| XBB.1.16.17 | N | CN-CDC-N | CAGACATTTTGCTCTCAAGCTG | 22 | 45.45 | 28979 | 28958 | R | -23140.2 | China |
| XBB.1.16.17 | N | Chan-N | GCGTTCTTCGGAATGTCG | 18 | 55.56 | 29210 | 29227 | F | -21207.6 | China |
| XBB.1.16.17 | N | Chan-N | TTGGATCTTTGTCATCCAATTTG | 23 | 34.78 | 29306 | 29284 | R | -21867.4 | China |
| GK.1.10 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | ATGCATTTGCATCAGAGGCT | 20 | 45 | 1866 | 1885 | F | -4251.49 | China |
| GK.1.10 | ORF1ab | Yip-ORF1ab | TTGTTATAGCGGCCTTCTGT | 20 | 45 | 1970 | 1951 | R | -21075.5 | China |
| GK.1.10 | ORF1ab | CN-CDC-ORF1ab | CCCTGTGGGTTTTACACTTAA | 21 | 42.86 | 13342 | 13362 | F | -1313 | China |
| GK.1.10 | ORF1ab | CN-CDC-ORF1ab | ACGATTGTGCATCAGCTGA | 19 | 47.37 | 13460 | 13442 | R | -20306.2 | China |
| GK.1.10 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | CGCATACAGTCTTRCAGGCT | 20 | 50 | 16220 | 16239 | F | -11502.5 | China |
| GK.1.10 | ORF1ab | Chan-ORF1ab | GTGTGATGTTGAWATGACATGGTC | 24 | 41.67 | 16353 | 16330 | R | -17292.3 | China |
| GK.1.10 | S | Chan-S | CCTACTAAATTAAATGATCTCTGCTTTACT | 30 | 30 | 22712 | 22741 | F | -27219.1 | China |
| GK.1.10 | S | Chan-S | CAAGCTATAACGCAGCCTGTA | 21 | 47.62 | 22869 | 22849 | R | -22073.5 | China |
| GK.1.10 | E | Huang-E | ACTTCTTTTTCTTGCTTTCGTGGT | 24 | 37.5 | 26295 | 26318 | F | -25022.8 | China |
| GK.1.10 | E | Huang-E | GCAGCAGTACGCACACAATC | 20 | 55 | 26376 | 26357 | R | -23540.5 | China |
| Lineage (WHO label) | Target Gene | Primer Name | Primer Sequence | Primer Length | Primer GC Content (%) | Start Position | End Position | Primer Direction | ΔG (cal) | Primer first used |